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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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" N! [& \3 W8 f. y. \6 nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, + p. | u& {; q) ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ' ]7 P( z! C# x% ]# `& C2 ]2 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: Y9 ?& q0 u' V: ?4 R/ ` "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 9 \& u& i# ]( ]4 T. |' ]1 j( Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,9 E6 {, j! t" [8 n' r& K, |2 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ b/ M* i& N! ^) P( c$ c% [ "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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" K# {" I- q7 d! P% w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, & @- ~' d0 ^% Q6 e- g0 y) ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, + _8 R, }2 ?! X, X ]0 P3 Z. M4 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 f% C) N# N6 m/ B/ Z "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 2 R |8 X7 m4 u6 V( |6 U# A* U8 O6 \* s m: \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, & M/ k4 G* d3 l9 C4 d A0 f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, / ]- c6 p% c3 a& T8 N! U' V8 n& _, f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: h/ |0 j Q) j, n7 T+ q P"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 1 W! x- J% X& L' @4 w. T8 B4 Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 1 p% p2 p/ a5 p* f( A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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5 }# }. Q) r& Y" b# F1 j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 3 X8 M8 w5 S5 U n- \, @ n/ i, q' r% s$ K# ]% bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! D/ B3 X2 N) i" [ "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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2 j% @+ O$ ^+ |* X( v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 3 z9 a/ v' V- T( n% y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ & ?: Y' z" F: |" B s$ t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 8 q/ N9 L& J0 a6 S" i1 a j. X5 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ . L& R9 X `* N7 s1 G/ @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 5 A% m. m# M; c1 ^1 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 8 R. Y5 a8 }( f# W; K; _; j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 J: U; H' C$ w W% P/ ["Times New Roman"">前者为因, 1 r' G! s) v: F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, % k! E, v- D: O6 K8 H; F V- j. Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: Z% \$ T" E- o) m8 E T "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 1 T$ d) u2 F7 w/ B: g( J4 N4 c1 ?3 ~' Z! Q- B; o! a' v# ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, * F3 A* }# M# ~! p9 J9 g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, . B* Y/ |0 f7 O, h$ sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ M p% H( u! R2 h0 Y% g7 b" H "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, & s6 f- Z$ C" ~2 u( j& U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 1 Z. M: I1 J1 p, j& A: jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, e( t3 t) F6 T! w6 O' y( {% } "Times New Roman"">“ 7 g4 @+ _3 v( [- a( b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? - s' C* z, u( C. P* p) @$ v" Q& s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” % I" n1 c& s) | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ; M. J+ s l' u( r- h' m9 H& ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ |# [! F/ m; r, W" k "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:9 b! e3 c7 D/ ~% N# N! h6 w $ s3 w, m2 \2 H- s) I0 Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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4 c8 i9 k8 D- D j T: L8 P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 * ?: l% w1 p; ^3 ]) z3 K; ]7 l; t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, , r* x2 j( _* a- j- ^. X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ K+ {7 Q/ O0 C1 L' d/ a9 U"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,, g, k; }. r# f0 c. ^0 ] 7 [; n7 }& n$ D' @1 K3 m4 U3 q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, . Y: C: D$ n5 Y" W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 t4 o* x: d+ i' `4 l"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, + y, `* T! x# w e2 i& {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ' k3 y: p4 j2 d( j, [4 N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里& y, C1 ^8 h2 }5 p- n& @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 " c% ~6 ]9 v4 T: a4 f9 }8 Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(; q; a, b3 t& ~6 D S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), * |0 S# `7 W: `! Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% c1 ]9 {# U! t* f- ?6 G: i "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用' V$ u$ w/ y8 h: ^3 k 12.0pt">, + R4 s* }4 W- p4 V i"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ! Y& k1 ^. V$ ~' j @$ P& bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& w4 t% _& }5 |& Q "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 7 j2 N8 ?% X0 w | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!2 a* e+ w$ m+ {7 b9 s- U4 h0 F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 4 }" h1 x$ D5 F2 q2 e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - h% v& U4 ^5 I. ]"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: , m: ]* |; i) f5 p& Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, " P J/ t) r { j% X) _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, + m, p2 `% s# X; L4 j9 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 B% g4 P" [/ r/ s' @ u, c3 X "Times New Roman"">“ , D8 l, V/ U: ?8 W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”; f% j0 s* }7 [2 v3 W 12.0pt"> * }& _) z, J7 X- ?9 {' |, i "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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# g8 V9 }& F* `# H* _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, & }+ e3 Q, o& {1 U. s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ' F1 [4 U5 B! T* H+ F- W" m8 ^$ N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. F/ b- z/ c1 D% ] ~, ^ "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 0 ^1 N) o# a; N# K) q& `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ( u- P$ L9 W7 j& P( N! v& T4 q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 6 p! {0 e* E2 W, u$ Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # S0 h0 W% F# k$ J8 q, J. _8 b"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 1 f: R4 P- c' S& V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 0 ^& N( }' T4 p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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7 K! [0 y6 H6 m$ Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,' N2 r% v, `( Z3 a4 n+ { 5 B+ E% k0 R! Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 K1 L6 X! s3 D. F- j9 H! f "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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, X; ~3 J8 C, Y/ {* i/ O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 7 z) ]$ u, R' H5 ~! m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, . B# Z E! r4 {/ Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 [- E8 V1 Z* e |" P "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,( d0 m& g* m, T# w( z7 i ( H2 [2 A' q. Q" V2 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 9 k* y9 {/ B; r' r! s. J! z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # v7 u f$ c' ^: U* E4 e0 |- g"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,/ l; H( p* B$ Z L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, - w; {/ L* r2 G p( D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 O1 f% j, I8 h/ o( y/ v"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题5 P2 m7 }6 j. H; d' B! h: G 12.0pt">: + H2 t4 r2 \% F. \: Q& X# f"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 6 B5 }2 `: F2 o% k& l8 R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 f+ | s5 H6 ^/ V6 z"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才# ^5 F8 n5 q( A2 I- V3 l; u9 _5 d12.0pt">, ! l0 G+ F' H9 f+ t; @, F7 h"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 6 }% o; N9 b/ \" r: @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / p5 H4 Z9 l7 J& k/ q"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 0 [9 o" K G; k+ c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, # Q' C" s8 x3 x# p l- o& |8 t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, & W. c2 S* x) _. @4 m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 q8 V* t. x: w# v"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题1 U4 n( j6 `& n4 O) H5 X6 D& l 12.0pt">; . F, g0 G% W- w( L "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ( K; }# w4 e& F$ L7 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 L& i- K/ |/ b1 i4 y "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求( a- O8 T7 ~7 S12.0pt">: \6 }4 A. ?9 |; `1 `"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; # K$ \) q; m8 I4 b" p& C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: D7 O/ I8 M% n! X! m "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ! m- Q: K% B& {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, % }; n. D' P6 _, nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' [ B X; K5 d- b2 i) P" T+ V4 p "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统: H- X/ M, o3 {" H$ F+ `& z 12.0pt">:

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7 E& E; s2 ]1 b9 u8 A! a7 M' h: \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ $ }9 N- P4 I [# G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” / k H8 c( `4 D. W1 y8 k/ l' u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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8 O6 i1 k5 _6 ?9 M+ h% ?0 x' z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 1 I, k6 l$ z/ [, K2 M; A! W( y, ~- q7 h H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 m8 k: f/ r2 ~5 r/ Y"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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* T+ a! j2 r+ T1 E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, % d; ]4 v' s' G1 C' i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" x- g# |$ P. Y+ U$ I; v "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, / M' L! L' C% `4 t1 f 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, & w1 J0 n* e" K% A* `4 z, \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 r2 j( r/ R7 L, O( [6 ^"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, ( j6 {7 E, E& t8 E4 f" ^0 ?5 f+ d0 emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ; s4 j2 M% Z0 W/ S, G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 {$ v& d0 c2 J$ C! O/ I"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 2 x% {. X; I& [6 U$ _. H4 _3 hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ( ]6 }- \' U% ^. }- `4 F6 j. o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 7 }; y* a V/ L% i7 Y6 t; B. K, d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! u, r" ?: Q5 R" R/ ["Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, " U* t D* G/ q& ]+ R3 k5 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 2 U9 {! O9 ]( L9 s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . {3 ]1 \0 f! o1 D; ?! _* l"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ) ~# G6 I5 d+ F8 K. U7 E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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# d. U2 h" B. _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,( o! `8 q3 y$ S$ mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 I0 U4 n/ x8 S$ d"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定0 l# M3 C: y+ M2 ?, { 12.0pt">, . G. Q+ |- w2 G! T0 p3 [! }/ _% P "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ; k' y; d; N# g% v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 Y1 M5 f& Q9 }- x( U k. {"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:! | I8 s. e/ h/ [4 S% g8 z' q Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 4 k% @8 r8 ~+ k' O0 k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, - b$ W% w9 t" r5 G( O; ^. G/ I$ x% Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 Y. E6 ?% F0 _6 I& M"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 1 F' d! p9 B5 h9 \" s) S7 Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ( n5 j! @- G4 R. g1 ^% qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 @2 V9 N( I$ |$ y2 X$ u1 y0 R "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 9 \$ U- m- M1 _2 n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 2 U( `+ P6 E# i1 g0 O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 0 V1 ^: J2 z8 a D+ i7 M5 K& Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 i9 V) Z$ ?1 ]- |# X7 c"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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